Influence of the Olmec Civilization on Mesoamerica

The Olmec civilization thrived along Mexicos gulf coast from approximately 1200-400 B.C. and is considered the parent culture of many of the important Mesoamerican cultures that came after, including the Aztec and Maya. From their great cities, San Lorenzo and La Venta, Olmec traders spread their culture far and wide and eventually built a large network through Mesoamerica. Although many aspects of Olmec culture have been lost to time, what little is known about them is very important because their influence was so great. Olmec Trade and Commerce Before the dawn of the Olmec civilization, trade in Mesoamerica was common. Highly desirable items like obsidian knives, animal skins, and salt were routinely traded between neighboring cultures. The Olmecs created long-distance trade routes to obtain the things they needed, eventually making contacts all the way from the valley of Mexico to Central America. Olmec traders swapped finely made Olmec celts, masks and other small pieces of art with other cultures such as the Mokaya and Tlatilco, getting jadeite, serpentine, obsidian, salt, cacao, pretty feathers and more in return. These extensive trade networks spread Olmec culture far and wide, spreading Olmec influence throughout Mesoamerica. Olmec Religion The Olmec had a well-developed religion and belief in a cosmos comprised of an underworld (represented by the Olmec fish monster), the Earth (Olmec Dragon) and skies (bird monster). They had elaborate ceremonial centers: the well-preserved Complex A at La Venta is the best example. Much of their art is based on their religion, and it is from surviving pieces of Olmec art that researchers have managed to identify no fewer than eight different Olmec gods. Many of these early Olmec gods, such as the Feathered Serpent, the maize god, and the rain god, found their way into the mythology of later civilizations such as the Maya and Aztecs. Mexican researcher and artist Miguel Covarrubias made a famous diagram of how different Mesoamerican divine images all diverged from an early Olmec source. Olmec Mythology: Apart from the religious aspects of Olmec society mentioned above, Olmec mythology seems to have caught on with other cultures as well. The Olmecs were fascinated with were-jaguars, or human-jaguar hybrids: some Olmec art has caused speculation that they believed that some human-jaguar cross-breeding had once taken place, and depictions of fierce were-jaguar babies are a staple of Olmec art. Later cultures would continue the human-jaguar obsession: one good example is the jaguar warriors of the Aztec. Also, at the El Azuzul site near San Lorenzo, a pair of extremely similar statues of young men placed with a pair of jaguar statues brings to mind the two pairs of hero twins whose adventures are narrated in the Popol Vuh, known as the Maya bible. Although there are no confirmed courts used for the famous Mesoamerican ballgame at Olmec sites, rubber balls used for the game were unearthed at El Manatà ­. Olmec Art: Artistically speaking, the Olmec were far ahead of their time: their art shows a skill and aesthetic sense far greater than that of contemporary civilizations. The Olmec produced celts, cave paintings, statues, wooden busts, statues, figurines, stelae and much more, but their most famous artistic legacy is doubtless the colossal heads. These giant heads, some of which stand nearly ten feet tall, are striking in their artwork and majesty. Although the colossal heads never caught on with other cultures, Olmec art was very influential on the civilizations that followed it. Olmec stelae, such as La Venta Monument 19, can be indistinguishable from Mayan art to the untrained eye. Certain subjects, such as plumed serpents, also made the transition from Olmec art to that of other societies. Engineering and Intellectual Accomplishments: The Olmec were the first great engineers of Mesoamerica. There is an aqueduct at San Lorenzo, carved out of dozens of massive stones then laid side-by side. The royal compound at La Venta shows engineering as well: the massive offerings of Complex A are complicated pits filled with stones, clay, and supporting walls, and there is a tomb there built with basalt support columns. The Olmec may have given Mesoamerica its first written language as well. Undecipherable designs on certain pieces of Olmec stonework may be early glyphs: later societies, such as the Maya, would have elaborate languages using glyphic writing and would even develop books. As the Olmec culture faded into the Epi-Olmec society seen in the Tres Zapotes site, the people developed an interest in the calendar and astronomy, two other fundamental building blocks of Mesoamerican society. Olmec Influence and Mesoamerica: Researchers who study ancient societies embrace something called the continuity hypothesis. This hypothesis posits that there has been a set of religious and cultural beliefs and norms in place in Mesoamerica that has run through all of the societies that lived there and that information from one society can often be used to fill in the gaps left in others. The Olmec society then becomes particularly important. As the parent culture - or at least one of the most important early formative cultures of the region - it had influence out of proportion with, say, its military might or prowess as a trading nation. Olmec pieces that give some information about the gods, society or have a bit of writing on them - such as the famous Las Limas Monument 1 - are particularly prized by researchers. Sources: Coe, Michael D and Rex Koontz. Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs. 6th Edition. New York: Thames and Hudson, 2008 Cyphers, Ann. Surgimiento y decadencia de San Lorenzo, Veracruz. Arqueologà ­a Mexicana Vol XV - Num. 87 (Sept-Oct 2007). P. 30-35. Diehl, Richard A. The Olmecs: Americas First Civilization. London: Thames and Hudson, 2004. Grove, David C. Cerros Sagradas Olmecas. Trans. Elisa Ramirez. Arqueologà ­a Mexicana Vol XV - Num. 87 (Sept-Oct 2007). P. 30-35. Gonzalez Tauck, Rebecca B. El Complejo A: La Venta, Tabasco Arqueologà ­a Mexicana Vol XV - Num. 87 (Sept-Oct 2007). p. 49-54.

The World War I And The Rise Of Germany - 801 Words

World War II plays a very important part in the history of the world. It still has effects that we deal with today. So, what events could have possibly started such a monumental world war? Well, the events are: World War I, Great Depression, expansion of imperialism, Versailles Treaty, and the rise of Germany. This was a dangerous chain reaction of events that lead to the devastating effects of the war. What really set the tone for the start World War II was actually the effects World War I itself. What the effects World War I did was set unrest among the European states. It devastated most of the area financially, especially Germany. After the war, scientific advancements greatly increased. One of the most notable scientific advancements was being weapon improvements. After the First World War many nations grew tired, however this didn’t stop Italy and Germany from building up their armies. Britain and France didn’t want to repeat World War I so they wanted to keep the peace through appeasement. Germany however took advantage of this. The Great Depression played a huge part in the start of World War II. War is good for business. It creates jobs and generates wealth. With everyone becoming very poor and needing some sort of hope, the conditions for the growth of fascism was perfect. Because of this, many countries turned into dictatorships. This played a major part in the rise of Hitler who gave them this hope. Some countries like Italy and Japan turned to building anShow MoreRelatedHitler ´s Rise to Power in Post World War I Germany627 Words   |  3 PagesWhen The First World War finally ended on November 11th 1918; Germany were labelled the losers. It was a terrible time however it was very good for extremist parties as people living extreme conditions are more likely to listen to extreme ideas. The Nazi’s were extremes with their leader Adolf Hitler. 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Yellowcard ; Paper Walls free essay sample

Are you ready for an album that will blow your mind away? Between the diversity of sounds and lyrics you will get lost. The album Paper Walls, by Yellowcard, has it all and is definitely worth checking out. Yellowcard is a Click 5 sounding type of band, except no where near as cheesy. They incorporate the sweet high pitched violin into almost all of their songs. Yellowcard is an alternative band. The CD has a nice rhythm and makes you want to relax. All their songs sound original too. You’ll fall in love with every song. Most of their songs are about high school love and breakups, but don’t let that turn you away. â€Å"Dear, Bobbie† is my favorite song, in the beginning an elderly voice is singing and just reflecting on the good times. â€Å"Light Up The Sky† has really good lyrics and makes you want to sing along. We will write a custom essay sample on Yellowcard ; Paper Walls or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The song â€Å"Five Becomes Four† has a really wicked violin solo. Over all Yellowcard is worth checking out. I’m a really picky person when it comes to music, so if I like, I bet you would too.

My favourite hobby free essay sample

A hobby can be almost anything a person like to do in his spare time. Because the Idle Mind is Devils workshop therefore those who have developed a hobby never need to worry about what to do with their newly founded leisure hours. Every person in the world has a hobby of his own. There are many kinds of hobbles such as gardening, stamp collecting, hiking, coin collecting, photography, listening to music and so forth. Girls to pursue some hobbles. Their hobbles dffer from those of the boys. Girls mostly like hobbles such as cooking, stitching dresses, painting and listening to music. Among all the hobbles mentioned above I Ilke palntlng. It Is a subtle hobby. Whenever I get time I sit down with my paint box, canvas, brushes and paint beautiful landscape. My hobby does not Infringe on the rights of other people. It Is not a noisy hobby like music. We will write a custom essay sample on My favourite hobby or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I can also earn money by selling my paintings to lover of fine arts. My hobby fills my heart with joy and colours and there it is my favourite hobby. Everybody has different hobbies that they like to do for fun or just to relax. There are many kind of activities like badminton, basketball, swimming, or baseball. It all depends on each personality. For me, basketball is my favorite hobby because its part of my life and I can not live without it. Since I was a little girl, I started to play basketball in the school team and also with my friends in the neighborhood. My mother told me that I liked kicking the ball around and had so much fun with it when I was only about two years old. Since then, playing basketball is my favorite sport and it is my hobby whenever I have free time. Playing basketball also helps me to relax and be confident when I have stress and rustration. For example, after doing my homework or when I come home from school, I play a little bit with my friends outside of my house or we go to the park, if the weather is nice. Few years ago, there was an inter-school competition. Our team members practised everyday after school for 3 hours from seven till nine Oclock and we slowly got better. During the first round of the competition, we tried our best and worked together, but we were still behind, so we discussed how we should cope with the opponent. Finally, through our tactic, we got the first place. We were pleased of how we worked It out well to win a cup and medal. Whenever I play basketball, I feel healthy and stronger. Besides, I meet new friends from the neighbor. I not only Ilke playing basketball, but I also enjoy watching basketball on television. When I go to the beach, my family and friends would get together to play and we have a lot of fun. Also, during weekends, I would call up my friends to play basketball with me. After the intense games, we would go to the teashop nearby to relax and grab some cold drinks to cool us down from the games

Comparison of the sacrifices characters make in Ambrose Bearces An Occurence at Owl Creek Bridge and John Updikes A P.

Comparison of the sacrifices characters make in Ambrose Bearces An Occurence at Owl Creek Bridge and John Updikes A P. Often times in literature for the protagonist to make progress a sacrifice has to be made. This sacrifice can spark progress in the movement of the story or growth in the character themselves. The true development in the story comes not in the sacrifice but in the motives behind the characters actions. After we know the motivation of the characters within the story we can begin to analyze what they represent. In both "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge" and "A P" the protagonist sacrifices something that has a profound impact on his life, but the results of their actions are vastly different.John Updike develops Sammy, from "A P" in such a way that the reader senses that his frustration will eventually consume his reason, and that all he is missing is the spark to set off his anger. The only thing we know for sure about Sammy's beliefs is that he hates the atmosphere of A P and as a result despises his job.Ambrose Bierce, American authorThe rest of his beliefs, as they pertain to t he story, are left to deduction. It is ironic that Sammy, who describes the customers in the store as being sheep, ultimately makes a sacrifice to defend the esteem of several young girls shopping in the market. Upon seeing the chastising of the attractive girls by the manager Sammy immediately protest but is not engaged by the manager and so he quits his post. Incase Sammy hadn't realized it the manager, who is a friend of the family, informs him that life will be hard for him if he quits. It is here that we learn that Sammy is a man of principle and he follows through with his action regardless of its consequences. Lengel, though, was right; because Sammy...

Parse a Delimited String Into a String List (Delphi)

Parse a Delimited String Into a String List (Delphi) There are many times when you need to split a string into an array of strings by using a character as a separator. For example, a CSV (comma separated) file might have a line like Zarko;Gajic;;DelphiGuide and you want this line to be parsed into 4 lines (strings) Zarko, Gajic, (empty string) and DelphiGuide using the semi-colon character ; as a delimiter. Delphi provides several methods to parse a string, but you might find that neither one does exactly what you need. For example, the ExtractStrings RTL method always uses quote characters (single or double) for delimiters. Another approach is to use the ​Delimiter and ​DelimitedText properties of the TStrings class- but unfortunately, there is a bug in the implementation (inside Delphi) where the space character is always used as a delimiter. The only solution to parsing a delimited string is to write a method of your own: Delimited String Example ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~procedure ParseDelimited(const sl : TStrings; const value : string; const delimiter : string) ;vardx : integer;ns : string;txt : string;delta : integer;begindelta : Length(delimiter) ;txt : value delimiter;sl.BeginUpdate;sl.Clear;trywhile Length(txt) 0 dobegindx : Pos(delimiter, txt) ;ns : Copy(txt,0,dx-1) ;sl.Add(ns) ;txt : Copy(txt,dxdelta,MaxInt) ;end;finallysl.EndUpdate;end;end;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Usage (fills in Memo1) :ParseDelimited(Memo1.lines,Zarko;Gajic;;DelphiGuide,;)

Compare and contrast Schnitzlers and Freuds interpretations of Essay

Compare and contrast Schnitzlers and Freuds interpretations of character - Essay Example At one point, Freud believed that the psychoanalysis brought an opening for the horizons of understanding characters of art; while on the other hand it has been observed that Schnitzler was more concerned about the experiences of protagonists. Many written works by both Arthur Schnitzler and Sigmund Freud brought in-depth assessment of protagonists or characters in the art work. This paper also presents differing viewpoints that further back up the statement regarding interpretation of characters. Arthur Schnitzler and Sigmund Freud have both contributed their respective assessment and understanding regarding character in fin de sià ¨cle in Vienna. Herein, it is extremely significant to understand the change that was noted during fin de sià ¨cle in Vienna. It will not be incorrect to state that fin de sià ¨cle in Vienna (a French title for the turn of century), social degeneration where new thoughts regarding subject matters were being introduced. These new concepts had direct impact on associations between members of the society1. Critics and writers of fin de sià ¨cle in Vienna pointed out that Schnitzler has been curious about his characters that he created in his different literary works. It was due to this reason that presented a great deal of his art work to bring his abstract view regarding characters into a proper definition. In the same fashion, one can easily notice that Sigmund Freud has also presented an in-depth assessment of character by coming up with major psychoanalytical study of his characters through psychoanalysis2. As per various critics, it has been noted that there are vast similarities between the work of Sigmund Freud and Arthur Schnitzler. The reason behind such a claim is that both the assessors of characters were from the same city who merely acknowledges each other’s work through the help of letters3. The major difference at this point between the works of Freud and Schnitzler which was peculiar is none other

The Freedom of a Christian Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Freedom of a Christian - Essay Example However, justification by faith can only be done through believing in Christ. Believing in Christ is the root of Christianity and thus justification using this mean would result to righteousness without slavery to the law. Section 2 Christian faith is very important in the life of a Christian. It is regarded to be among the virtues that could drive the life of a Christian towards achievement of righteousness and freedom. Christians have different levels of Christian faith. However, nobody should boast that he has sufficient faith. The author agrees in this treatise that he does not have a wealth of faith (Luther, 1970). However, temptations have to occur to test the degree of Christian faith that Christians have. Christian faith is attained through believing in Christ and grows through passing through temptations and overcoming them. The strength associated with it is great and an essential asset that could help Christians to grow in Christianity and become better Christians. Christi ans should not succumb to what other people say about them. They should behave like masters who are willing to please only Christ. It is always clear that a person cannot become what others say about him unless be makes himself a slave to it. In failing to become what others say, the Christian becomes what his faith demands him to become. Faith does not emphasize on the laws but requires a Christian what is right according to what Christ demands. As a result, the aspect of emphasize on Christian laws is eliminated when faith comes into play and emphasize on grace takes its place. As a result, Christians are made justified on by their actions but by their faith in Christ. This makes them free from the judgment and condemnation of others in terms of their actions. Although Christians are free from judgment and condemnation of law, they are required to be righteous and to serve other people. This is because righteousness and service to other people is a requirement of the faith in Chri st. However, they should do this because of a desire to serve others and to please Christ and not because it is a doctrinal requirement. Therefore, righteousness and freedom should come from within a Christian without being caused by external factors. However, even within an individual Christian, there are two opposing forces. This is because an individual is made up of two persons. One person is the inner person and the other person is the outer person (Luther, 1970). What pleases the inner person does not please the outer person and vice versa. Christian faith makes Christians to emphasize mainly on pleasing the inner person. Physical person of a Christian can have various abilities like preaching, praying, and reading of scriptures. However, when these are not accompanied by faith they are of no use. This is because it can also be done by the individuals who are pretending to be Christians. The spiritual person can also undertake various works like contemplation and meditation. H owever, this is also insignificant without faith. This is because it might have little or no effect to the life of a Christian. Christian faith is however very crucial in the Christian life of an individual. This is because it promotes both righteousness and freedom of a Christian. This helps a Christian to grow and be able to overcome the temptations that might come on his way.

Resume Cover Letter samples Essay Example for Free

Resume Cover Letter samples Essay Dear Mr. or Ms. Last Name: Your opening paragraph should briefly introduce you and your interest in the company. If you are aware of a specific position or opening, refer to it now. This paragraph should also be used to mention the names of individuals you have met from the company (e.g., at the EIS, company event or other networking event), or the individual who directed you to this person. Cite other research that prompted you to write, such as a recent article on the company or a positive networking interaction. The last line in this paragraph should give a summary statement of who you are and why you are a strong fit for the position. Your middle paragraph (or two) should consist of specific examples from your background that would be of greatest interest to the company and consequently create the â€Å"notion of fit.† Do not just make broad generalizations about your skill set – any assertions about your skills have to be backed up with specific examples of how/why you have developed those skills. Focus on your skills and accomplishments and how they could contribute to the company, but do not simply restate what is on your resume. Demonstrate that you know about the organization and the industry. If you are a career changer, it is essential to clearly state your transferable skills from previous experience that directly relates to the skills required in the position you are interested in. Your closing paragraph represents your summation and should outline the key next steps. For example, state  that you would like to discuss employment opportunities or other information with the person and that you plan on contacting them on a specific date. If the company has a specific position available, ask for an opportunity to interview. Thank the addressee for his or her time and consideration. Include your telephone and email address in case the cover letter gets separated from your resume. Sincerely, (signature) Your Name Enclosure(s) (If you send resume or other materials.) Student Name 123 Riverside Drive Philadelphia, PA 19103 [emailprotected] Date Ms. Recruit Mint Best Company 123 Recruiting Lane New York, NY 10027 Dear Ms. Mint: As a first year student at the Wharton School, I would like to be considered for your product development summer internship program. After attending your on campus presentation in October, I became very excited about the exciting career opportunities and dynamic culture at Best Company. I was particularly impressed with Best Company’s ability to maintain a small company culture while offering the resources and professional development opportunities of a large conglomerate. Additionally, my conversations with Joe Smith and Susie Queue served only to strengthen my belief that Best Company would be the ideal place for me to leverage my strong analytical and marketing abilities to make a substantial impact in the consumer goods industry. I believe my strong finance and marketing background, along with my prior consumer goods experience will enable me to be an effective part of Best Company’s team. Prior to Wharton, I worked in the consumer goods industry for 5 years,  handling export sales and marketing products for a leading beverage firm. As the leader of a 15 person cross functional team tasked with launching the company’s first new product in 5 years, I learned a great deal about the importance of creating buy in at all levels of the organization and understanding consumers’ needs and preferences. Despite aggressive deadlines and budget constraints, I led the team to successfully launch a $10 million new product which continues to be one of the top 3 selling beverages in its segment. In addition, during my MBA training, I have focused on developing my strategic analysis and financial planning competencies, two areas which I know are critical success factors for product managers in Best Company. These skills, along with my prior work experience and passion for new product development, will enable me to significantly contribute to your business. I would welcome the opportunity to interview with your company when you are on campus on February 4. Please find my resume attached. I look forward to meeting with you soon and want to thank you in advance for your time and consideration. Sincerely, Wharton Student Enclosure: Resume Student Name 123 Uris Street, Apt 3 New York, NY, 10025 Date Ms. Recruit Mint Recruiting Coordinator Unilever 123 Any Street Anytown, State, 12345 Dear Ms. Mint: I am a first-year student at the Wharton School of Business planning on  pursuing a career in brand management. While attending your company’s presentation on October 4, I was particularly impressed with the entrepreneurial mindset of Unilever brand managers and their emphasis on both the qualitative side of marketing, creativity, and the quantitative side, market research. I believe that my background in consulting and strategic planning, combined with my exposure to marketing and consumer insight would be a strong fit for Unilever. Therefore, I am writing to request an interview for the Brand Management Summer Intern position in the Home and Personal Care business. Prior to attending Wharton, I acquired a diverse set of marketing, analytical and project management skills. My experience working directly for the Vice President of Market Research and Consumer Insight at Seagram’s Spirits and Wine on an ethnic marketing strategy will enable me to immediately grasp consumer marketing and demographic issues facing your products. My role as Manager in Strategic Planning for Seagram’s gave me the opportunity to interact with senior management, to work with marketing directors in foreign affiliates and to gain marketing experience with a global perspective. Specifically, I led cross-functional teams in Costa Rica, Venezuela and Mexico to refine marketing strategies for presentation to senior management. In addition, I managed several external agencies in public relations, advertising and events planning for a Captain Morgan awareness campaign which resulted in a 20% increase in brand awareness. I believe that my exposure to senior management and to the tactical side of marketing, combined with the skills I gained as a management consultant – analytical thinking, team leadership and client relationship management- will allow me to make an immediate impact at Unilever. I believe I possess the essential marketing and management skills to be a successful brand manager at Unilever and would appreciate the opportunity to interview on your closed list on February 8. Thank you for your consideration and I look forward to speaking with you soon. Regards, Student Name Enclosure: Resume Student Name 123 Arch Street Philadelphia, PA, 19111 Date Ms. Jane Doe Senior Recruiter Bank 123 456 Wall Street New York, NY 11111 Dear Ms. Doe: As a second year MBA student at The Wharton School of Business, I would like to be considered for your XXX position. Through discussions with current employees, including Victor Jones from your XYZ group, I am convinced that Goldman Sachs offers the best platform for a successful career. I have long been interested in the various financial innovations employing fixed income securities. This passion, combined with my strong banking experience this past summer and my very strong analytical and quantitative abilities, makes me a strong fit for your fixed income group. Over the past summer, I worked as a summer associate at Bank ABC in both equity research and corporate finance. I learned a tremendous amount about the operation of securities business and how to communicate and market one’s idea; however, it also made me realize fixed income securities and derivatives are a better fit with my quantitative and analytical approach than equities. Before business school I was trained and worked as a scientist in genetic research, during which I led teams in successful completion of two projects and further developed my communication and leadership skills. I would very much appreciate the opportunity to interview with your company when you are on campus on February 4th. I look forward to hearing from you. If you have any additional questions, I can be contacted at 215-XXX-XXXX or [emailprotected] Thank you for your time and consideration. Sincerely, John M. Carter 123 Arch Street Philadelphia, PA, 19111 XXX-XXX-XXXX [emailprotected] Date Ms. Jane Doe Senior Recruiter Bank 123 456 Wall Street New York, NY 11111 Dear Ms. Doe, I just graduated from The Wharton School of Business and am extremely interested in pursuing a full time position in Sales and Trading with your firm. I am a highly motivated and outgoing individual, as evidenced by my previous work experience in the investment banking industry, and I am convinced that an opportunity in Sales and Trading would allow me to combine these traits with my analytical, computer and quantitative problem solving skills. Spending the summer rotating through the trading floor at Bear Stearns allowed me to realize that a trading environment with excitement, challenges and learning opportunities is where I need to be. While an analyst for Electronic Data Systems, I worked with Credit Suisse First Boston and Deutsche Bank traders and their systems. Prior to that, at Donaldson, Lufkin Jenrette I worked for the debt-trading desk, capital markets group and investment banking group. Through these positions, I gained substantial knowledge of the securities industry and experience in project management and business development. In addition, the demanding time constraints taught me to work well within a team. In addition, prior to starting at Wharton, I spent four months trading full time for my personal account. With these experiences, I feel that I have  substantial exposure to the markets and their trends and will continue to learn how to use them to my advantage. I have the educational background, academic achievement, practical experience, and passion to be an outstanding member of your team. I hope that you will find me well qualified for this position and I would like to reiterate my strong interest to discuss this opportunity and my qualifications with you further. I will contact you early next week to discuss a mutually convenient time for us to talk and look forward to meeting you soon. Thank you for your time and consideration; I hope to hear from you soon. Sincerely, Your Name goes here Student Name 1111 Ben Franklin Street Philadelphia, PA 19XXX XXX-XXX-XXXX [emailprotected] Date Ms. Tina Brown Assistant Vice President Bank XYZ 999 Wall Street 12th Floor New York, NY 11111 Dear Ms. Brown: As a second year MBA student at Wharton School of Business, I am writing to express my interest in the full-time associate position at Bank XYZ in the London office. I am impressed with the opportunities the firm gives its employees to work in diverse teams and to advise clients on cross-border strategic decisions. Over the summer I served as a Summer Associate in the Real Estate Industry Group of JP Morgan’s corporate finance division. On the third week of my internship I was assigned to work on a French acquisition for a major client and was thrust into a field in which I had no prior experience. My rapid  understanding of this new area and my solid transaction management, people management and strong analytical skills enabled me to make valuable contributions to the project. The subject matter was fascinating and convinced me to further develop my real estate expertise by attending relevant classes, such as Real Estate Finance and Real Estate Transactions. I am interested in building on my summer experience and building a career in investment banking, particularly in the real estate field. Should you require additional information, please contact me by phone or via e-mail. I look forward to meeting with you when you are interviewing on campus in October. Thank you for your time and consideration. Sincerely, XXXXXXXXX Enclosure Student Name 123 West 21st Street Philadelphia, PA 19XXX Date Ms. Jane Johnson Strategic Planning Company ABC 101 JFK Parkway 5th Floor Any city, PA 19XXX Dear Ms. Johnson: I would like to express my interest in the XXX internship position with the Company ABC’s Strategic Planning Group. I have followed closely the movement of your company, and I have been very impressed. I believe that Company ABC has done a fantastic job leveraging its unique brand and assets into a relationship with the consumer that generates multiple streams of revenue from a single customer, and that it has done extremely well in creating new and profitable business segments for the company. Much of that success I attribute to the Strategic Planning  Group, and I would be very excited to use my skills in the development of the next set of strategies that will further strengthen that bond with the customer and that will produce consistent and profitable growth over the coming years. Prior to Wharton, I honed my team leadership, strategy development, and analysis skills while working at XXX Bank. I managed a project to boost net profits by $70 million per year by identifying dissatisfied customers and designing solutions to address their concerns. To succeed my team conducted focus groups to understand the reasons for card member complaints, brainstormed on programs to address these issues, created detailed cost-benefit analyses of proposed solutions, and ultimately coordinated the various groups necessary to implement our recommendations. The project required a comprehensive strategic vision, tremendous attention to detail, strong analytical skills, the ability to clearly communicate ideas, and the ability to mobilize groups with different agendas towards a common objective. I believe these skills would allow me to contribute to Company ABC by developing, analyzing, and implementing the next generation of business strategies. With my penchant for producing tangible results and my enthusiasm for tackling tough issues, I am confident that I can make significant contributions to Company ABC. I hope that you find my background and experience a good fit for your company, and I ask that you include me in your upcoming full-time interview schedule. I look forward to hearing from you. Thank you for your time and consideration. Best regards, Student Name Steve Stevenson 222 Western Street, Apartment A Philadelphia, PA 19995 [emailprotected] 215-999-9999 mobile Date Mr. Jeff Jefferson Associate, Investment Banking ABC Bank 123 Wall Street. New York, NY 10004 Dear Mr. Jefferson: I am a first year MBA student at Wharton and am interested in interviewing with ABC Bank for a summer associate position in investment banking. After conducting informational interviews with Eric Erikson, Daniel Danielson, and David Davidson, I am very interested in becoming a part of the successful team at ABC Bank. Before attending business school, I worked for over four years in acquisitions at Company ABC, the nation’s largest health care REIT. My major accomplishments at Company ABC included: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Closing over 50 transactions totaling $425 million; Analyzing the acquisition of a $1.5 billion competing health care REIT; Preparing and presenting investment committee packages to the board of directors for transaction approvals; Leading multiple deal teams simultaneously on numerous transactions; and Ascending from analyst to assistant vice president through two promotions. I am confident that my skills and experience in the real estate industry will enable me to positively contribute to Company ABC. I appreciate your consideration for an on-campus interview with your firm in February. Should you require additional information please contact me at 215-999-9999. Thank you for your time and consideration. Sincerely, Steve Stevenson Steve Stevenson 222 Western Street, Apartment A Philadelphia, PA 19995 [emailprotected] 215-999-9999 mobile Date Mr. Jeff Jefferson Recruiter ABC Company 123 Main Street. New York, NY 10004 Dear Mr. Jefferson: I am a first-year MBA student at Wharton with a concentration in marketing and prior experience in market development. I recently read about the joint venture ABC Company is doing with XYZ Communications to expand its broadcast presence in the young adult market. I would be very excited to speak with you about how I could contribute to the success of this exciting new partnership. I believe my background and prior experience will enable me to be an effective part of ABC Company’s team. Prior to Wharton, I worked in the European consumer good industry for four years, handling export sales and marketing for a leading Italian beverage firm. My experience working with the primary European and North American markets gave me a range of essential skills, including insight into consumer purchasing behavior, distribution channels, and advertising and media planning. I successfully managed new product launches and campaigns throughout Europe, helping the company expand into new markets. During my MBA training, I focused on developing my strategic analysis and financial/investment planning competencies. I believe that these skills coupled with my passion for media would enable me to significantly contribute to your business. I would like the opportunity to discuss how my talents could be utilized at Company ABC. I will contact you during the week of February 18 to set up a mutually convenient time for us to talk. Thank you for your consideration and I look forward to speaking with you. Sincerely, Steve Stevenson David Green P.O. Box 5555 New York, NY 10010 215-XXX-XXXX Date Ms. Mary Davison Vice President Company XYZ 100 5th Avenue New York, NY 10101 Dear Ms. Davison: I am a first-year student at the Wharton School of Business pursuing a career in investment management and I am writing to express my interest in the XYZ position with Company XYZ. Your long-term investment perspective and multiple portfolio counselor system bring a richer perspective to your investments. In addition, your unique research portfolio allows your Research Analysts to directly contribute to your friends’ success. During four years in the management consulting industry, I concentrated on improving distribution and manufacturing activities in my clients’ supply chains. The projects I completed taught me the many factors that influence the performance of publicly traded companies and allowed me to hone my client relations skills. Both competencies would serve me well at Company XYZ. My current part-time equity research position at ABC Asset Management is also developing my equity analysis and valuation skill sets. The detailed  research I am performing is furthering my knowledge of how to best analyze a company’s future prospects. I am very interested in speaking with you about how I would contribute to the success of Company XYZ. I hope to have the opportunity to meet with you during you on campus interviews on February XX. Thank you for your consideration and I look forward to speaking with you. Sincerely, David Green Enclosure John Talksalot 155 East 45th Street New York, NY 10001 [emailprotected] 917-201-6716 Date Ms. Natalie Andrews Human Resources Associate Consumer Products Company ABC 555 Amsterdam Avenue Tarrytown, NY 10591 Dear Ms. Andrews: I am a first-year student at the Wharton School concentrating in marketing. I am writing to request an interview on March 3, 2003, for the Summer Associate Global Brand Management position. After attending your MBA Open House on October 21, 2003, and speaking with your colleagues, John Harvey and Jay Fisher, I believe Consumer Products Company ABC would be an excellent match for my future career in global brand management. My passion for the food sector stems from the early exposure I had by working in my family’s food business. I am also excited about contributing my four years of strategic planning and consumer insight to your company. As Manager of Strategic Planning at MasterCard, I led cross-functional teams that developed and implemented integrated marketing plans and successfully communicated our platinum card’s benefits to consumers with maximum impact  and efficiency. This role also afforded me the opportunity to interact with senior management from other divisions, work with marketing directors in foreign affiliates and gain marketing experience with a global perspective. I believe that my tactical success in expanding MasterCard’s brand name by targeting new consumer segments as well as my success in refining its core market strategies would enable me to make a fine contribution to your team. Thank you for your consideration, and I look forward to speaking with you soon. Best regards, Michael Talksalot Enclosure Jacob Jacobson 100 South 22nd Street Philadelphia, PA 19100 [emailprotected] Tel: (215) 999-9999 Date Ms. Karen Smith Campus Recruiting Manager ABC Consulting 150 Broadway New York, NY 10101 Dear Ms. Smith: I am a first year MBA student at the Wharton School writing to apply for a consulting position in your summer associate program. I am particularly interested in working in the Health Care practice of your New York office. After attending your company presentation and speaking with several consultants from your firm, including John Johnson of the Philadelphia office, I was excited by the opportunity to contribute to ABC Consulting’s innovative work in the health care field. Furthermore, I was impressed by the excellent structure of the summer program, and ABC Consulting’s strong reputation for focusing on both strategy and implementation. As a faculty  member at University of Pennsylvania Medical School, I led a number of basic science projects in diverse disease areas enjoying the opportunity to create and confirm hypothesis. (EXAMPLE) I also had the opportunity to gain managerial experience by collaborating closely with teams of biomedical researchers and ensuring the team thrived in environments of uncertainty. (EXAMPLE include sentence here about quant skills and an example of how you used them). My biomedical science training coupled with my strong leadership experiences and extensive quantitative skills will enable me to provide value to ABC Consulting and its clients. I look forward to speaking with you or your representative when you visit campus in February. In case you require additional information, please feel free to contact me at 215-XXX-XXXX. Thank you very much for your consideration Sincerely, Jacob Jacobson Ms. Susie Stephenson 1955 Sansom Street Philadelphia, PA 19101 Mr. John Johnson Company ABC Corporate Finance Date Dear Mr. Johnson: I am writing to apply for a position as a Summer Financial Associate with Company ABC. As a first-year MBA at the Wharton School, where I am majoring in finance and health care management, I have come to appreciate the unique opportunities provided by Company ABC. After attending your on-campus presentation, I am excited about the finance opportunities at Company ABC. I have been particularly impressed by Company ABC’s ability to maintain a  small-company culture while building a large conglomerate of consumer products, medical device and pharmaceutical companies. With over four years of experience in the biopharmaceutical industry, I have not only developed sophisticated analytical skills, but also the leadership capabilities necessary to address the growing financial and strategic concerns facing companies today. Most recently as a Financial Analyst at XYZ Pharmaceuticals, where I provided financial support for two therapeutic areas as well as business development activities, I mobilized my colleagues to offer a struggling business unit better financial support. I implemented more insightful ways to look at value options through financial analyses as well as provided deal support on several out-licensing and codevelopment opportunities. In addition, my previous work advising biopharmaceutical clients at ABC Consulting enabled me to fine-tune my communication skills. With my drive, skills, and experience, I am confident that I can make an immediate contribution towards the growth of Company ABC. I look forward to the opportunity to interview with you or your representative when you are on campus in February. Attached please find a copy of my resume. If you have any questions, I can be reached at XXX-XXX-XXXX. Thank you for your time and consideration. Sincerely, Susie Stephenson Date Mx. XXX XXX Company X Address City, State, Zip Dear XXXX, I am writing to apply for an XXX position with Company X’s ABC Division. After gaining additional perspective on ABC through my attendance at Company X’s information session and conversations with Benjamin Lim and David Kasper, I am convinced that ABC Division would be an ideal environment to  further my marketing career pursuits. I am impressed with Company X’s marketing training, cutting-edge drug research and ethics-driven culture. The pharmaceutical sales and marketing strategy insights I gained from health care consulting will enable me to make immediate and lasting contributions to ABC Division’s brand management teams. During my tenure at Consulting Firm Y, I assisted executives at Fortune 500 pharmaceutical companies in devising innovative, multi-channel sales and marketing strategies. By leveraging my creativity and analytical skills, I enabled my clients to differentiate themselves from their competition and enhance physician penetration and reach. My strong communication skills will also be valuable in crafting physician messaging and internally sharing information with my Company X teammates. This skill was recognized by upper management at Consulting Firm Y, as I was selected to lead firm-wide training on presentation crafting and storyboarding. Lastly, my initiative in developing a corporate knowledge sharing system at Consulting Firm Y reshaping ABC Pharmaceutical’s training and vendor qualification system, and serving on the Wharton MBA Curriculum Advisory Board demonstrate my leadership and involvement in continued enhancement of the environments where I have worked and studied. I look forward to the opportunity to interview and to continue to learn more about marketing career opportunities at Company X. Should you have any questions regarding my interests or qualifications, please do not hesitate to contact me via e-mail [emailprotected] or at XXX-XXX-XXXX. Sincerely, Student Name

Smoking in Films Essay -- Tobacco Cigarettes Movies

Smoking in Films Your soda and popcorn are empty and the end credits are running on the newest blockbuster to hit theaters. What is on your mind when you leave the movies? Is it the number of times the actors lit up cigarettes during the two-hour flick? While you probably did not consciously notice all the smoke, the fact is that there were teenagers watching the movie that may now take up the habit because of what they saw on the screen. More and more, smoking in movies is being identified as a leading cause of teen smoking. Many filmmakers are using smoking in movies to make actors look more desirable or rebellious. This tactic used by filmmakers is imprinting the wrong image in the minds of impressionable teenagers. Tobacco use in film and in television is identified as one of the influential causes for teenage smoking (Sargent). Tobacco use in movies and in television is portrayed as fun, exciting, sexy, and rebellious and connected to wealth and power, it reinforces common advertising themes of the tobacco industry. While glamorizing tobacco may not be the intent of the entertainment industry, the result is that such portrayal encourages tobacco use among young people. Studies undertaken found that youth had a higher risk of smoking initiation as their exposure to movie smoking increased. In addition the youth that were exposed the most to movie smoking were at a higher risk (Increasing Evidence). Conversely, when anti-tobacco messages are included in movies or on television, it has just the opposite impact and may discourage young people from starting to smoke (Pechmann). Extensive tobacco use in movies and television suggests that smoking is more common in society then it actually is. When tobacco use is viewed as a s... ... Lowry, Brian. â€Å"POLS KICK BIZ IN THE BUTTS.† Daily Variety. Nov. 2005: O’Keefe, Timothy M. â€Å"The Anti-Smoking Commercials: A Study of Television’s Impact on Behavior.† The Public Opinion Quarterly. 35 1981:242-248 Peechmann, Cornelia, S. Ratneshwar. â€Å"The effect of Anismoking and Cigarette Advertising on Young Adolescents’ Perceptions of Peers Who Smoke.† The Journal of Consumer Research. 21 1994:236-251 Sargent, James D. â€Å"Dartmouth Researchers Find that Teens are Influenced by Movie Star Smokers.† Dartmouth News. 2001 Sargent, James D. â€Å"Dartmouth Researchers Link Movies to Teen Smoking.† Dartmouth News. 2001 Tickle, Jennifer J., James D Sargent, Madeline A Dalton, Michael L Beach, and Todd F Heatherton. â€Å"Favourite Movie Starts, their Tobacco Use in Contemporary Movies, and its Association with Adolescent Smoking.† Tob. Control. March 2001; 10:16-22

Marketing Mix †4Ps of Marketing Mix Essay

Marketing mix can be describes as â€Å"the use and specification of the 4 Ps describing the strategic position of a product in the marketplace†¦ A prominent person to take centre stage was E. Jerome McCarthy in 1960; he proposed a four-P classification which was popularized. (wikipedia.com)† The marketing mix approach to marketing is a model of creating and implementing market strategies. The marketing mix stresses the mixing of different factors in a way that both organizational and consumer or target markets objectives are attained. The 4 Ps of marketing are Product, Place, Promotion and Price. Each plays a key factor in the overall successful marketing of a product or service. Product†Although this typically refers to a physical product, it has been expanded to include services offered by a service organization. The specification of the product is one of the variables that a marketer has at his/her control. For example, the product can include certain colors (or not), certain scents (or not), certain features (or not). Lastly, in the broadest sense when a consumer purchases a product it also includes the post-sales relationship with the company. The post-sales relationship can include customer service and any warranty.† The product or service is an important part of the whole marketing process, after all, something that is completely useless to anyone is usually unsuccessful regardless of how great the place, promotion or price is. Sometimes companies don’t come out with all new products; they just try to tailor current products to better suit people. Convenience is one of the major factors in coming up with a better version of a current product. Price†The price is the amount paid for a product. In some cases, especially in business-to-business marketing this can also include the total cost of ownership (TCO). Total cost of ownership may include costs such as installation and other products required to deliver a complete functional solution.† It is important to remain competitive when it comes to pricing. If the product is new and different customers will be willing to pay more, but if the same product is being offered, one should really consider keeping the price at or below the value of its competitors. This will give the product an even chance of being purchased, as it wouldn’t fall outside of  the average budget for that type of product. Promotion†Promotion represents all of the communications that a marketer may insert into the marketplace. This can include TV, radio, and print advertising, as well as coupons, direct mail, billboards, and online advertising. One of the less well-defined areas in promotion is the role of a human sales force. Are the messages the sales person provides to a consumer a component of the promotional mix, or is it part of the product? On the other hand, consumers may rather purchase the product only when sold through the support of a known salesperson.†Often times we think of marketing as just the promotion or sales part, but the other 3 factors are often times just as important, if not more important. Promotion is the advertising of the actual product or service. One must consider who the audience is and what the best way is to target them. This could include television advertisements, radio advertisements, mailing and so on. There is no one best way to advertise, it really depends on the product and its audience. This is a very important aspect of marketing, and often times a good or bad promotional campaign can make or break a product or service. Place†Place represents the location where a product can be purchased. It is often referred to as the distribution channel. It can include any physical store as well as virtual stores on the Internet.† Place is also an important part of marketing. The product or service needs to be accessible to customers, especially its target market. Often times there are no need for an actual store location, as many very successful companies offer just online services or products. In these instances, products or services are much more convenient and cheaper to the customer because of the lower overhead costs. One very successful company that I thought of that had the 4 Ps of marketing down packed was Netflix. The company almost singlehandedly brought its competitors to their knees. These companies, including Blockbuster video have since recovered and began offering a similar service, but Netflix had it all planned out and rolled out so efficiently that it really caught everyone by surprise. ProductNetflix is a little tricky when it comes to the product. Their product isn’t a product at all, but a service that it provides for its customers. It offers the service of movie rentals, but in a more convenient way than the traditional movie rental stores such as Blockbuster or Hollywood Videos. I know personally that I didn’t always have time to return a movie on the day it was due back, which was usually only 2 days after renting it, so I paid a lot of late fees. These late fees often times added up to almost as much as actually just purchasing a movie, which steered me away from even renting movies in the first place. Around 1999 Netflix came up with an online movie subscription with no late fees. This gave people the convenience of receiving the movies they wanted to see right in their mailbox. No more having to go searching through the isle for a movie that was already rented out. PlaceNetflix doesn’t offer a place where a customer can come pickup their order, instead everything gets conveniently shipped to each customer via United States Postal Service. This makes it convenient for just about anyone to use because there doesn’t have to be a local store or shipping location around. Customers are able to place orders right online, which is a convenient and private way to pick the DVDs that they desire to view. PromotionThe promotion of Netflix was primarily done through television advertisements. They targeted television watchers, who for the most part also watch movies. Their catchy marketing claimed â€Å"No Due Dates and No late Fees†, which was very appealing to consumers who were tired of paying late fees with their current movie rental stores. It also offered the convenience of â€Å"No shipping or handling charges†, which made it just as competitive as the other places. PriceThe prices that Netflix charges its customers are very competitive to the current market of DVD rentals. They have different options to suit different needs. According to their website, they have a plan starting as low as only $4.99 per month. This plan allows viewing of up to 5 movies. For customers who want to watch more movies per month, they offer other plans  also, such as the $17.99 a month plan that allows 3 movies to be out at a time. Once one movie is returned, another is sent out in its place. These different plans offer a wide variety of choices to fit different budgets. Its clear to see how the marketing mix and the 4 Ps of marketing have a large impact on marketing. As we can see, Netflix was a very carefully planned out project. Product, Place, Price and Promotion were all identified and have played a great part in its success. When a company has a well planned out marketing plan, which consists of the 4 Ps, as Netflix does, it leads to greater success in the long run. References: www.wikipedia.comwww.netflix.com

Global Warming Crisis Essay

Global warming pertains to the increase in temperature of the atmosphere based on the entrapment of gases that are emitted from activities on the surface of the earth. The increase in temperature is a direct result of the greenhouse effect, which involves heat that originated from the sun, which is entrapped within the atmosphere due to several factors. Scientists have determined that the atmosphere’s temperature has increased since the industrial revolution, which has maximized the use of chemicals in manufacturing various kinds of materials in industry. There are four principal gases that have been identified to be primarily responsible for the onset of global warming. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is accountable for approximately half of the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (Pearson and Palmer, 2000). This gas is a by-product of fossil fuel combustion, which involves burning of coal, natural gas and oil. It is also generated from deforestation activities, which have increased for expansion of industrialization areas. Trees utilize carbon dioxide in their photosynthetic reactions, but it there are fewer trees in the environment, less CO2 is removed from the atmosphere, leaving the environment with excess amounts of CO2. Another gas that has been determined to be responsible for global warming is chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which are the primary constituent of plastics and aerosols, as well as refrigerants in air conditioners. Chlorofluorocarbons make up approximately 25% of the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Thirdly, methane gas (CH4), which comprises approximately 12% of the greenhouse gases, is also accountable for global warming. Methane gas is released during the decay of organic matter, as well as in the stomachs of cattle, sheep and termites, yet, most of the gas is currently generated by industrial companies. Lastly, nitrous oxide (N2O) is responsible for approximately 6% of the greenhouse gases. It is a by-product of industries, as well as nitrogen fertilizers, volcanic eruptions and livestock manure. Global warming not only affects the weather, but it will also affect natural habitats. Higher levels of CO2 may facilitate the growth of forests, facilitating them to flourish and bloom. The warmer ocean waters will be helpful to fish and algae in the high seas. However, those organisms in higher elevations will find difficulty in surviving in warmer environments. Higher temperatures in oceans may kill corals, which are the nurseries for fishes and other aquatic organisms. For the human population, global warming may cause more incidents of infectious diseases such malaria, as well as systemic health problems such as heat stroke and respiratory diseases. Currently, the world is confused as society is ignorant of the detailed effects of global warming. Society is aware the summers are now longer and more intense and winters are envious of summer’s wrath, unleashing a fury that rivals the intensity of the heat. This is actually what global warming does. It confuses the world and now currently has also succeeded in confounding scientists. From a scientific point of view, global warming can be understood as a global environmental phenomenon which is characterized by an increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s near-surface air and oceans (Smith and Reynolds, 2005). There is certainly no doubt that global warming has a very detrimental effect on the environment as it causes rising sea levels and alters the amount and pattern of precipitation that a areas all over the world get (Gregory et al. , 2002). These environmental changes are also the projected causes of other ecological changes such as increases in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events which in turn creates changes in agricultural yields, glacier retreat, reduced summer stream flows, species extinctions and increases in the ranges of disease vectors (Choi and Fisher, 2003). Based on the current scientific projections, the temperature of the world is expected to increase by 1. 1 to 6. 4 Â °C (2. 0 to 11. 5 Â °F) between the years 1990 and 2100. While most of the studies and projection models that have been utilized for these estimates cover the period up to the year 2100, global temperature warming and sea level rise are expected to continue for more than a millennium even if no further greenhouse gases are released after this date (Haigh, 2003). This is due to the melting of the polar ice caps which is estimated to continue due to the changes that have already occurred in the world’s temperature. One proposal to answer to the problem of global warming is a lot simpler in theory than it is in practice. Given the rate of economic growth of many of the developing countries and the shift of production to the lesser developed countries, the implementation of any global protocols is easier to imagine than to implement (Torn and Harte, 2006). Greenhouse gases, which are cited as one of the main causes of global warming, are most commonly emitted from the highly industrialized countries and the less developed countries which rely heavily on industrial machinery for production. The problem in this scenario is that by cutting back on the emission of greenhouse gases, a majority of the world’s production of most major goods will be affected. The economic costs not to mention the technological impediments that preventing the shift to more environmentally friendly methods make the reduction of these greenhouse gases extremely difficult (Rudiman, 2005). There have been steps that have been taken to reduce the levels of greenhouse gases. In order to address the situation of global warming, many countries have participated in the world’s primary international agreement on combating global warming which is the Kyoto Protocol. An amendment to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Kyoto Protocol binds signatory countries to reduce their emissions of CO2 and five other greenhouse gases. In the alternative, it allows these countries to engage in emissions trading if they are able to maintain or increase emissions of these gases (Wigley, 2007). The problem with this protocol, however, is that it exempts developing countries from meeting emission standards in Kyoto (Choi and Fisher, 2003). Some of the countries that have been exluded from this list are China and India, who are ranked as the second and third largest emitters of CO2, behind the United States. It is clear therefore that even despite these actions much more work is needed in order to address the problem. The implementation of international protocols and requiring countries to meet certain environmental standards is certainly a big step towards addressing this issue. More intergovernmental cooperation is also another prospective answer to this problem. The more developed countries should also take the lead in encouraging the shift away from more traditional methods of production towards more environmentally friendly methods through the award of grants and exchange of technology (Torn and Harte, 2006). The creation of a body that is designed to not only specifically develop policies regarding this issue but also be given the power to enforce these policies will allow for the more efficient reduction of these greenhouse gases (Torn and Harte, 2006). References Choi O and Fisher A (2003): The impacts of socioeconomic development and climate change on severe weather catastrophe losses: Mid-Atlantic region (MAR) and the U. S. Climate Change Vol. 58, pp. 149. Gregory JM, Stouffer RJ and Raper SCG (2002): An observationally based estimate of the climate sensitivity. J. Climate 15(22):3117-21. Haigh JD (2003): The effects of solar variability on the Earth’s climate. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. A: Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 361(1802):91-111. Lean JL, Wang YM and Sheeley NR (2002): The effect of increasing solar activity on the Sun’s total and open magnetic flux during multiple cycles: Implications for solar forcing of climate. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29(24):2224. Pearson PN and Palmer MR (2000): Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations over the past 60 million years. Nature 406(6797):695–699. Revkin AC (2005): Rise in gases unmatched by a history in ancient ice. New York Times, November 25, 2005. Rudiman W (2005): How Did Humans First Alter Global Climate? Sci. Am. , March 2005 issue. Smith TM and Reynolds RW (2005): A global merged land–air–sea surface temperature reconstruction based on historical observations (1880–1997). J. Clim. 18(12): 2021-2036. Torn M and Harte J (2006): Missing feedbacks, asymmetric uncertainties, and the underestimation of future warming. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33(10):L10703. Wigley T (2007): The Kyoto Protocol: CO2, CH4, and climate implications. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25(13):2285.

Free Essays on Robert Wagner

There have been many great operas composed throughout recent history. In many of these operas there is a plot or theme that has been taken from an ancient myth, legend, or story. Most of the composers in history maintain the same approach when dealing with the connection of opera and historical tales. One composer who follows this concept is Richard Wagner. The opera that he composed was Der Fliegende Hollander. Wagner was also the librettist in this opera. The composer chose to create this opera as a result of his journey across the New Sea. Hs experiences inspired him to develop the opera based on the legend of the Phantom Ship. This legend is about a sea captain who swore he would sail around the Cape of Good Hope, even if it took him forever. As a result Satan dooms his soul to the sea for eternity, unless he finds a woman to break the curse. Another opera based on a legend is Der Freischutz by Carl Maria von Webber. The librettist of this work is a man named Friedrich Kind. The title of this play when translated into English means â€Å"The Free Shooter†. This translation is as accurate as they could make it. This work is based on a German legend. The legend explains that a marksman, who uses charmed bullets, could secure these bullets by agreeing to hand his soul to the devil on a planned date. If the marksman could find another victim by the set day then he would be exempted. Henry Purell was an English composer who contributed the opera Dido and Aenas. The librettist of this work was Nahum Tate. The plot of this opera was based on the episodes in the Aeneid of Vergil. This tale involves a man and woman who fall in love with one another. Then one day the man is falsely told that the gods had asked him to sail to Italy, and so he went. When the women learned of this she took her life, she stabbed herself on a funeral pyre. There is no question that there is a relationship between opera and historical le... Free Essays on Robert Wagner Free Essays on Robert Wagner There have been many great operas composed throughout recent history. In many of these operas there is a plot or theme that has been taken from an ancient myth, legend, or story. Most of the composers in history maintain the same approach when dealing with the connection of opera and historical tales. One composer who follows this concept is Richard Wagner. The opera that he composed was Der Fliegende Hollander. Wagner was also the librettist in this opera. The composer chose to create this opera as a result of his journey across the New Sea. Hs experiences inspired him to develop the opera based on the legend of the Phantom Ship. This legend is about a sea captain who swore he would sail around the Cape of Good Hope, even if it took him forever. As a result Satan dooms his soul to the sea for eternity, unless he finds a woman to break the curse. Another opera based on a legend is Der Freischutz by Carl Maria von Webber. The librettist of this work is a man named Friedrich Kind. The title of this play when translated into English means â€Å"The Free Shooter†. This translation is as accurate as they could make it. This work is based on a German legend. The legend explains that a marksman, who uses charmed bullets, could secure these bullets by agreeing to hand his soul to the devil on a planned date. If the marksman could find another victim by the set day then he would be exempted. Henry Purell was an English composer who contributed the opera Dido and Aenas. The librettist of this work was Nahum Tate. The plot of this opera was based on the episodes in the Aeneid of Vergil. This tale involves a man and woman who fall in love with one another. Then one day the man is falsely told that the gods had asked him to sail to Italy, and so he went. When the women learned of this she took her life, she stabbed herself on a funeral pyre. There is no question that there is a relationship between opera and historical le...

Simple Tips and Tricks for Cooking Healthy College Meals on a Budget

Simple Tips and Tricks for Cooking Healthy College Meals on a Budget Entering college usually means that you will have to cope with many things on your own, and cooking meals is one of them. Many students find it a challenging task, especially if they have no access to all the needed kitchen supplies and appliances. However, you shouldnt feel desperate in this situation, as weve prepared a full list of useful tips that will come in handy for every college student. So, keep reading, and you will learn how to cook healthy college meals with no effort. Cooking in Dorm Every student knows that dorms arent the perfect place for cooking. Each learning institution is different, thats why living conditions in various dorms may vary. Not every dorm has a kitchen for students, so you need to know beforehand if you should buy a mini fridge and a microwave. If you have no kitchen in the dorm, ask your friends if they want to buy a fridge and a microwave together with you. You can take them for a garage sale and get a good deal. Many students confirm that they dont regret buying kitchen appliances as they used them through the whole studying time. A microwave is usually the only appliance to cook with, as there is no an oven or a stove. Its not the best option, but not the worst one. You still can have healthy meals as there are plenty of easy recipes which perfectly apply to cooking in a microwave. What can you cook in a microwave? Quiche with all kinds of stuffing – cheese, vegetables, chicken, sausages and even bacon. Its a perfect way to start your day and try different flavor mixes. Muffins – sweet or salty muffins with cheese, nuts, berries, chocolate or pumpkin spices are easy to cook in a mug. Just try it out and you will see how quick and easy it is. Baked potato or chicken – spaghetti squash, baked potato with cheese and butter, baked sweet potato, roast chicken with salsa and many more other recipes that you can try even if you dont have cooking skills. Chips – use potato or sweet potato, a pinch of salt and your favorite spices. This is one of the most popular recipes for college students. Fish and vegetables – yes, you really can cook roasted salmon or steamed vegetables using only your microwave. Healthy and fast! Mac and cheese – the favorite dish of many students. Though its not the healthiest meal, sometimes you just crave one. Scrambled eggs – easy breakfast to give your body energy at the start of the day. Microwave can easily substitute the whole kitchen stove if you know how to use it properly. Beat eggs, milk, salt, your favorite spices in a microwave safe bowl or mug. Add the ingredients you like – cheese, chopped sausages, tomatoes, bacon, etc. Microwave on medium-high power for 1 minute 30 seconds or more, stirring your mix a few times during cooking. And its done! These meals are nutritious and easy, so they are the best choice of food for college students in dorms. Besides dishes cooked in a microwave, you can also have these tasty meals: Fresh fruits and vegetables – the best way to get the necessary vitamins and microelements that help you stay healthy and focused. Fresh juices – apples, oranges, pineapples, celery, tomatoes are perfect for fresh and tasty juices that you can bring in a bottle to a library or class. Cookies, crackers, and biscuits – fast snacks; be sure to choose the brands that use a low amount of sugar or harmful chemical ingredients trans fats, sodium nitrites, monosodium glutamate, HFCS (high-fructose corn syrup), etc. Smoothies – berries, fruits, and nuts help your brain process information. Mix different fruits to find your favorite flavor. Add milk and ice-cream to make your smoothie sweet and good. Yummy! Sandwiches – how many types of sandwiches do you know? We think the list is endless. So dont be afraid to use different fillings and types of bread or sauce. Cereal and porridge – oatmeal, granola, millet, grits, polenta and many more which you can serve with berries, fruits, nuts, chocolate, whipped cream or as a side dish along with steamed vegetables, chicken, rabbit or red meat, etc. Salads – easy and fast way to have a healthy meal. There are plenty of recipes of salads that can make you feel full and provide you with energy for the whole day. Use vegetables, fruits, boiled eggs, herbs, spices, meat or fish and sauces to have a quick launch or dinner without spending much time on cooking These meal ideas are just a little part of the dishes you can cook even if you dont have access to the kitchen. Not only they are easy and quick but also affordable and budget friendly. Cooking in the Kitchen Even if you have access to the kitchen with an oven and stove, you might still have troubles with meals. The main question you might be asking is â€Å"Can I cook easy, fast and healthy meals if I have no cooking experience?† Surely, you can! It might be intimidating at first. Choosing the right recipe and finding everything needed in a grocery store is just the start of your meal preparation. Everyone fails at first, so dont be depressed if you dont get the results youve expected. Follow preparation instructions and be attentive to the details. Especially, when it comes to temperature and time. If you have something in your oven, dont forget to set a timer and periodically check the condition of your dish. If this is your first cooking experience and you dont know where to start, you definitely should check the following sites with easy recipes for beginners and healthy recipes for college students on a budget: Jenny Can Cook The Spruce Eats BBC Good Food Start with dishes that have a small number of ingredients and steps. Salads are the perfect way to begin your cooking journey. You will get to know how to process vegetables, fruits, and other products, how to make sauces and what the most common product combinations are. For example, cheese and tomatoes, cherry and chocolate, asparagus and chicken, eggs and bread, fish and citruses, etc. Thats why cooking basics commonly start with salads and side dishes. Learning how to make, for example, chicken salad can save you money which you would spend in a local pizza place. A traditional chicken salad recipe: Ingredients for 6-8 servings: 2-3 lbs chicken (chicken breasts will work the best) 2 tbsp olive oil  ½ cup mayonnaise 1 tbsp dijon mustard 1 chopped celery  ½ chopped onion 1 tbsp chopped parsley  ¼ tbsp salt pepper 1. Turn on your oven and preheat it to 350 °F. 2. Wash chicken breasts and place them on the tray. 3. Rub olive oil over the chicken, add salt and pepper. 4. Bake it for 45 to 55 minutes, check if it is ready by making a cut in the chicken breasts – there should be no pink inside. 5. Remove the chicken from the oven and let it cool. Chop it into middle-sized pieces. 6. Mix chicken with other ingredients – mayo, mustard, celery, onion, and parsley. 7. Voil! You can put your chicken salad on the buns and enjoy your sandwich. This is the most common and traditional chicken salad recipe, which anyone can replicate. If you dont have a kitchen, ask your friends. Maybe some of them live outside of the campus – they might give you an opportunity to use their kitchens from time to time. This is the situation when food prep for a week can save you a lot of time and effort. Meal prep basically means cooking your meals ahead of time. You can prepare only ingredients (like boiling eggs for a whole week or roasting few servings of chicken) or prepare and freeze full dinners or lunches for a few days. Eat healthy food and dont be afraid to try different recipes. You might have no clue how exciting cooking is!

Oscar Wilde - the Man and his World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Oscar Wilde - the Man and his World - Essay Example Being an editor, he believed that he could move fashionable social circles thereby attracting support from influential women in the society (Dierkes-Thrun, 2012). Oscar Wilde called upon to contribute to the reconstruction of lady’s world magazine which was to basically not just deal with what women wear, but with how they think and feel. The likely contributors of the magazine sought out to write with enthusiasm, with tact and avoid being extravagant and the use of vulgar language. The term lady to some level was viewed ambiguously; Wilde regarded it as having a small taint of vulgarity and extremely misleading because of the eminence of â€Å"woman question† which was a feminist movement. Wilde persisted that the magazine which seemed to be more feminine be re-named to â€Å"woman’s world† (Salamensky 2012, p.132). These changes implied that the term â€Å"lady† which was to be changed to â€Å"woman† was associated with commonness. In 1895 , Wilde in his own words would be interpreted as utterly clear evidence in his scandalous libel and criminal suits that gradually sent him to jail and eventually ended his career. This unfortunate incident did not erase his legacy. His criticism and notes have shaped the society than any other author or poet. Most noticeably, it testifies to the epigrammatic memorability of his statements and declaration and acknowledges the fact that his life meant a personality and a collection of texts and ideas. He fearlessly explored art in relation to everyday life offering unique grounds for examining or testing sexual and social culture during the Victorian era. In 1887’s October issue of the â€Å"lady’s world† the prospectus pointed out the changed names of editors of the November issue. The editors who were listed included Marie Corelli, Olive Schreiner, Mathilde Blind as well as Wilde’s wife Constance and his mother Lady Wilde. In addition, Oscar persuaded som e of the well-known writers to contribute to the witting one of them being Arthur Symons. Arthur’s first essay was on one of the major symbols in the symbolist movement â€Å"Villiers de I ‘isle Adam† which came out after Wilde left the magazine. Wilde was a determined editor of theâ€Å"woman’s world† but his enthusiasm progressively reduced over the following periods. He gradually became less functional arriving late leaving early, and generally handling at his letters carelessly and giving excuses and makeup promises to his failures (Dierkes-Thrun, 2012). Oscar Wilde’s assistant editor Arthur fish viewed the â€Å"woman’s world† magazine as to be the finest with exclusive appeal and attraction to women that was ever been published. The â€Å"woman’s world† editors manage to secure brilliant contributors producing a high level of literary content ever attained by a publishing company of its kind. Articles did not only concentrated on fashion but also devoted to distinguish or bring out women, women’s suffrage and historical events (Wilde & Murray 2000, p. 98). Arthur fish always expressed his sympathy on the views of the â€Å"woman’s world† writers revealing a liberality of thoughts regarding the political aspirations and ambitions of women that were without a doubt sincere.  Ã‚  

Domtar corporation limited Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Domtar corporation limited - Research Paper Example Additionally the company owns and is responsible of overseeing the distribution of its products by Domtar Distribution Group. Domtar is also responsible of designing, manufacturing, and marketing of different brands of paper inclusive of sandpiper, Opaque Ultra and Husky Opaque. Currently, Domtar offers employment to over 10,000 people. Its headquarters is located in Montreal and has over 80 paper storage and distribution facilities that are located within North America. However, the center for its operations is located in South Carolina. The company is worth over 700 billion dollars. This paper focuses on the management of Domtar by making use of the SWOT analysis. Additionally, the internal and external stakeholders of Domtar will be identified, their needs and wants, and how the company is fulfilling the needs of the stakeholders. SWOT Analysis of Domtar The Domtar SWOT analysis will provide an insight on the management and other business operation carried out by Domtar. SWOT stan ds for the strengths or aspects in which Domtar has been faring well. W stands for weaknesses or areas that Domtar require to improve to enable it become more successful. O is for the opportunities that Domtar can exploit to increase its productivity. T is for the threats that Domtar is facing. Analyzing the weaknesses, strengths, opportunities and threats of Domtar will help establish the parts that are most relevant to consider when deciding whether or not to invest in the company. Strengths One of the major strengths that has seen Domtar flourish is the effective communication between the management and the other stakeholders. Another advantage is its popularity, which has made it gain numerous customers globally. Additionally, Domtar has successfully managed to manage its costs effectively such that they are able to spend less but earn much. Domtar has up to date technology. It has some of the latest machineries, which makes its operations easy but successful. A good example is the power generating machineries such as steam turbines, which greatly helps in reducing the production costs (Pump Industry Analyst, 2009). An additional Domtar’s strength is the great capability to recycle it byproducts. Domtar recycles almost all the byproducts such as paper and gypsum. This has enable Domtar maximize on it resources. Additionally, it has enabled Domtar to be recognized as a sustainable dealer with forest products. An additional strength is the strong existing relationship between Domtar and its stakeholders. A good example is with the environmentalists, who are often opposed to operation of paper dealers. However, the strong relationship between Domtar and environmental groups has made it manage to operate without much criticism (Pump Industry Analyst, 2009). Weaknesses One of the challenge hence weakness facing Domtar is the low number of shares in the market. Additionally, Domtar lacks a strong reputation considering that it is the second largest dealer of paper and paper products Opportunities Domtar has an opportunity to expand its market globally due to the emerging markets. An additional opportunity that Domtar can take advantage of is the chance to diversify its products. From its initial stages, Domtar focuses on pulp and paper products. It thus has the opportunity to expand its operations and start dealing with other wood products. Due

Scholarly look on globalization and cultural imperialism Essay

Scholarly look on globalization and cultural imperialism - Essay Example After the sad period of historical drama characterized by cultural alienation of a part of humanity, a period that has really drawn and painted figures of otherness, the world today offers us an image of osmosis of cultures. The temptation is great and inevitable for African thinker invited to talk about the globalization of culture and its impact on the question of the other, to return to the historical drama lived or suffered by the continent. Indeed, the African intellectual, inheriting a long history and trying to forge a new future, cannot apprehend the otherness through the mesh of interculturality, having no memory of the past. The slave trade, colonization, the structural dependency, alienation radical incurred by the companies to which we belong, challenge us when we think and consider the phenomenon of multiculturalism. (Thomas) At the time of the Renaissance, the discovery of other worlds to the West was a discovery of other peoples and cultures (Lughod). During this meeti ng, Africa has suffered the deep culture shock. For centuries it remained the subject of pure curiosity, and reduced to the status of an "object" of gaze. In the testimony of missionaries, the African was ranked just before the hippos and elephants. He was a half-way between bestiality and humanity. How could he have a culture? Africa was a primitive people. The Negro is recognized by its characteristic features such inordinate length of sex and laughter. Hegel, one of the emblematic figures of modern philosophy, was of African children of the night. In Reason in history, Hegel refuses to grant the certificate of humanity to these beings of the continent. (Gavin) During the course of this discussion we would be looking at some of the fundamental aspects of the ways through which the phenomenon of globalization has imposed its effects on different areas primarily Africa and the ways though which it has facilitated the dissemination of cultural imperialism. Scholarly look on globaliza tion and cultural imperialism When talking about globalization and the resulting phenomenon of cultural imperialism which takes place and emerges because of this, it is important to consider a couple of multitude dimensions in order to fully develop our understanding regarding the entire issue and the connection which can be formulated between the two processes. In order to understand this connection it is important that scholarly sources and their opinions are provided first hand priority. (Sirkin and James) In this context and during the course of this discussion we would be considering the perspectives which have been presented by two prominent scholars of American intelligentsia which include David Rothkopf (38-53) and James Petras (139-48). Both of these scholarly personalities have their own opinion about the phenomenon of cultural imperialism and how does globalization play an extremely pivotal in the facilitation and subtle proliferation of this process in different countrie s of the world. It is however interesting to note here that the opinion and point of view of both these scholarly individuals is completely different and on contradiction to each other, hence it is also important for us to assess the validity and rationale that the argument and thesis statement laid by each of them supports and decide our side accordingly. Rothkopf advocates the idea of cultural imperialism and states that it is important for the West to impose its set of ideologies and values upon other nations so that they may adopt and inherit a similar system and institutional framework which is implemented in the West. (Moore) These ideas mainly emerged in the Cold War era after World War II which brought the intelligentsia of capitalists and communists at loggerhead with each other and with each of them making an attempt to manifest their cultural, ideological, political as well as economic leverage and hegemony over other states of the world.

Defining And Understanding Empowerment Social Work Essay

Defining And Understanding Empowerment Social Work Essay Empowerment can be defined in general as the capacity of individuals, groups and/or communities gain control of their circumstances and achieve their own goals, thereby being able to work towards helping themselves and others to maximise the quality of their lives. In health and social care empowerment means patients, carers and service users exercising choice and taking control of their lives. It is not that one is empowered means he or she become all powerful like God. Even if we are empowered still we have limitation. Actual meaning of empowerment is that one feels that he or she able and feels powerful enough in certain situations to take part in decision making. I also will explain how politics played a part in disempowering women in health and social care services. It is a greatest challenge in health and social care to achieve progress with the empowerment of carers and people who receive services. Beginnings of twentieth century women were disempowered because of politics played a part. Emancipation is a commonly used word in other western European countries to refer to what in the UK mean by empowerment. The word emancipation has is useful because it has overtones of the struggle for votes for women in Britain at the beginning of the twentieth century, so it reminds us that empowerment  Ã‚  in the health and social services has a political aspect. When carers and people who use services experience being disempowered and excluded, this is a form of political disenfranchisement. In other words, it is as though they have no vote and are not treated as full members of society. In contrast, when people become empowered, they can exercise choices and have the possibility of maximising their potential and living full and active lives.   There is a tension between enabling people to take control of their lives and recognising that workers may need to intervene and take control sometimes, in order to protect other people. This applies to both empowerment and advocacy. Empowerment for people with learning disabilities is the process by which they develop increased skills to take control of their lives. This will help them achieve goals and aspirations, maximising their quality of life. A key feature in empowering people is giving them a voice and actively listening to what they have to say. Empowerment is, therefore, closely linked to the concept of advocacy. Empowerment in learning disability can be described as a social process, whereby people who are considered as belonging to a stigmatised social group can be assisted to develop increased skills to take control of their lives. This increased control will help them to achieve their goals and aspirations and thus potentially maximise the quality of their lives. The concept has connections with assertiveness and independence and is clearly linked to the various forms of advocacy. When considering the current climate it is somewhat an indictment on our times that the Government sees the need to name the White Paper regarding its vision for learning disability services as Valuing People. The title alone inversely suggests that as a society we are not valuing people. The content presents the evidence on levels of exclusion, disempowerment and lack of valued social roles facing those with a learning disability and how services should be planned to address this. (A similar Scottish Executive Review of Learning Disability has the title The Same As You.) For the individual with a learning disability, the subjective experience of empowerment is about rights, choice and control which can lead them to a more autonomous lifestyle. For the professional, it is about anti-oppressive practice, balancing rights and responsibilities and supporting choice and empowerment whilst maintaining safe and ethical practice. Education is often seen as the main engine of empowerment, equality and rights of access. Thus, as a group, people with a learning disability can be at a particular disadvantage. They may have to be enabled and supported to perhaps overcome social obstacles and can be dependent on others to make important information accessible to them, assist them with advocacy and help safeguard their rights. A key feature in empowering individuals is giving them a voice and then listening actively to what they have got to say. Person Centred Planning with its focus on placing the individual at the centre of the process and using techniques to obtain meaningful participation can be a major contribution to finding out what people have got to say. Empowerment will bring along with it rights and responsibilities plus also potential risks for people. It is often the fear of physical risk which can inhibit empowerment processes for people who see themselves as responsible for vulnerable people. They may fear a blame culture if things go wrong. Surprisingly, as recently as 1998, the Social Services Inspectorate noted there were no systematic approaches for risk assessment and management in the field of learning disability. The Foundation for People with a Learning Disability set out to identify good practice in how to reconcile the tension between ensuring the safety of an individual with a learning disability and empowering them to enjoy a full life in the community. A report was produced called Empowerment and Protection (Alaszewski et al, 1999) which suggested that organisations needed to develop risk policies which embrace both protection and empowerment issues at the same point. The definition of risk should look at consequences and probability. Procedures should also include, from the start, the wishes and needs of the person who has the learning disability and involve them  throughout, including the decision making stage. Such comments about organisations developing appropriate risk strategies show that empowerment is not there just  as a concept for front line staff, but should penetrate the strategic planning levels. Valuing People states (Section 4.27) that people with a learning disability should be consulted for their views on services and these views utilised at a corporate planning level. In Mrs Ali case she is empowered by Muslim religious faith to take of her bed-bound husband although in contrast her care taker Jean believes that Mrs Ali should be empowered. This indicates religion also empower some people to take care vulnerable people.